Kacang merah dalam bahasa ibrani disebut 'adash', yg dalam bentuk jamaknya yaitu 'adashim'. Kacang merah sangat terkenal di Timur Tengah dan juga india. Tanaman ini memiliki tinggi yang bervariasi antara 15-75 cm, tetapi rata-rata tingginya 25-40 cm. Sedangkan biji kacang merah berbentuk seperti lensa dengan ukuran diameter antara 2-6 mm. Biji kacang merh berada pada kelopak atau polongnya dimana satu kelopak bisa berisi satu atau dua biji kacang merah.

Selain dimasak menjadi berbagai makanan lezat, kandungan nutrisi kacang merah juga luar biasa kaya. Kacang merah kaya akan asam folat, kalsium, karbohidrat kompleks, serat, dan protein yang tergolong tinggi. Kandungan karbohidrat kompleks dan serat yang tinggi dalam kacang merah membuatnya dapat menurunkan kadar kolesterol darah. Kadar indeks glikemik kacang merah juga termasuk rendah sehingga menguntungkan penderita diabetes dan menurunkan risiko timbulnya diabetes.

Kacang merah kering adalah sumber karbohidrat kompleks, serat makanan (fiber), vitamin B (terutama asam folat dan vitamin B6), fosfor, mangaan, besi, thiamin, dan protein. Setiap 100 gram kacang merah kering yang telah direbus dapat menyediakan 9 gram protein atau 17 persen dari angka kecukupan protein harian.

Kandungan protein dan profil asam amino dalam 100 gr kacang merah (kidney bean) dari yang terbanyak adalah asam glutamat (1323 mg), asam aspartat (1049 mg), leucine (693 mg), lysine (595 mg), arginine (537 mg), serine (472 mg), phenylalanine (469 mg), valine (454 mg), isoleucine (383 mg), proline (368 mg), threonine (365 mg), alanine (364 mg), glycine (339 mg), dan lain-lain sisanya di bawah 300 mg.

ACQUISITION OF CAPITAL

A corporation needs capital in order to start up, operate, and expands its business. The process of acquiring this capital is known as financing. A corporation uses two basic types of financing and debt financing. Equity financing refers to funds that are invested by owners of the corporation. Debt financing, on the other hand, refers to funds that borrowed from sources outside the corporation.
Equity financing (obtaining owners funds) can be exemplified by the sale of corporate stock. In this type of transaction, the corporation sells units of ownership known as share of stock. Each share entitles the purchaser to a certain amount of ownership. For example, if someone buys 100 shares of stock from Ford Motor Company, that person has purchased 100 shares worth of Ford’s resources, materials, plants, production, and profits. The person who purchases shares of stock is known as a stockholder or shareholder.
All corporations, regardless of their size, receive their starting capital from issuing and selling shares of stock. The initial sales involve some risk on the part of the buyers because the corporation has no record of performance. If the corporation is successful, the stockholder may profit through increased valuation of the shares of stock, as well as by receiving dividends. Dividends are proportional amounts of profit usually paid quarterly to stockholders. However, if the corporation is not successful, the stockholder may take a severe loss on the initial stock investment.
Often equity financing does not provide the corporation with enough capital and it must turn to debt financing, or borrowing funds. One example of debt financing is the sale of corporate bonds. In this type of agreement, the corporation borrows money from an investor in return for a bond. The bond has a maturity date, a deadline when the corporation must repay all of the money it has borrowed. The corporation must also make periodic interest payments to the bondholder during the time the money is borrowed. If these obligations are not met, the corporation can be forced to sell its assets in order to make payments to the bondholders.
All businesses need financial support. Equity financing (as in the sale of stock) and debt financing (as in the sale of bonds) provide important means by which a corporation may obtain its capital.

Terjemahan :

PENGUASAAN MODAL
Sebuah perusahaan membutuhkan modal untuk memulai, menjalankan, dan mengembangkan bisnisnya. Proses penguasaan modal ini dikenal sebagai perolehan dana. Perusahaan menggunakan 2 tipe dasar perolehan dana : perolehan dari dana sendiri dan perolehan dana dari berhutang. Perolehan dari dana sendiri maksudnya dana diinvestasikan oleh pmilik perusahaan. Perolehan dana dari berhutang, sebaliknya, maksudnya dana pinjaman dari sumber diluar perusahaan.
Perolehan dari dana sendiri (perolehan dana dari pemilik) dapat diberikan contoh dengan menjual saham perusahaan. Pada jenis ini, perusahaan menjual unit-unit kepemilikan yang disebut saham. Setiap bagian memberi hak kepada pemilik untuk sejumlah tertentu kepemilikan. Sebagai contoh, jika seseorang membeli 100 bagian saham dari ford motor company bahwa seseorang membeli 100 bagian nilai kekayaan ford, lahan, pabrik, produksi dan keuntungan. Seseorang yang membeli saham disebut sebagi pemegang saham.
Semua perusahaan, tidak pandang besar kecilnya, menerima modal awal mereka dari pengeluaran dan penjualan saham. Penjualan permulaan melibatkan beberapa resiko bagian dari pembeli karena perusahaan tidak mempunyai catatan kinerja. Jika perusahaan sukses, pemegang saham dapat memperoleh keuntungan yang proporsional, biasanya dibayar 3 bulan kepada pemegang saham. Bagaimanapun, jika perusahaan tidak sukses, pemegang saham dapat mengalami kerugian besar dari penerima investasi.
Seringkali perolehan dari dana sendiri tidak disediakan perusahaan dengan cukup modal dan perusahaan harus beralih ke perolehan dana dari berhutang, atau meminjam dana. Satu contoh dari perolehan dana dari berhutang adalah menjual saham surat tanda berhutang, ini adalah jenis perjanjian, perusahaan meminjam uang dari seorang investor sebagai pengganti sebuah surat tanda berhutang mempunyai tanggal jatuh tempo, batas akhir ketika perusahaan harus membayar kembali semua uang yang dipinjam. Perusahaan harus juga melakukan pembayaran bunga berkala ke pemegang surat tanda berhutang selama waktu uang itu di pinjam. Jika kewajiban ini tidak terpenuhi, perusahaan dapat dipaksa untuk menjual asset untuk membayar kepada pemegang surat tanda berhutang.
Semua usaha membutuhkan dukungan dana. Perolehan dari dana sendiri (seperti menjual saham) dan perolehan dana dari berhutang (seperti menjual surat tanda berhutang) memberikan jalan yang penting dengan mana sebuah perusahaan mungkin mendapatkan modal itu.

Akhirnya tiba juga waktunya Tuhan memberi kejutan yang menyakitkan padanya di waktu yang sangat tidak tepat pastinya. Dimana ia harus mempersiapkan dirinya untuk menjadi seseorang yang lebih berpendidikan ia mendapat berita yang sangat menyakitkan, yaitu satu-satunya orang yang menjadi harapannya untuk menjadi teman hidupnya harus pergi meninggalkannya. Ia telah menaruh sangat banyak harapan kepada orang tersebut bahkan ia sampai meyakinkan orang terdekatnya yaitu orang tuanya bahwa orang tersebut yang akan menjadi teman hidupnya nanti. Apa yang harus dikatakan kepada orang terdekatnya itu? Apakah ia harus terus menerus membohongi orang trdekatnya itu sedangkan ia tidak ingin menyakitkan hatinya lebih lagi. Ia berpikir bahwa semua itu harus dapat ia terima. Dan ia mulai meyadarinya mengapa ia harus dapat menerimanya karna mungkin Tuhan sudah menyadari bahwa ini waktu yang tepat untuk ia menerima karma dari apa yang telah ia perbuat dimasa lalunya. Dan selama orang yang seharusnya menjadi teman hidupnya itu bahagia ia pun harus merasa bahagia sebagai seorang pria. Walaupun ia berpikir Tuhan sedikit tidak adil, mengapa Tuhan memberi semuanya ini disaat ia ingin merubah hidupnya dan bertobat untuk kembali menjadi orang yang benar. Apakah sudah terlambat atau memang Tuhan tidak mau menerimanya kembali bertobat atas semua dosa-dosanya selama ini? Bukankah Tuhan akan selalu menerima setiap umatnya yang ingin kembali kepada-Nya? Itulah yang belakangan ini menjadi pertanyaan yang tidak dapat ia pastikan apa jawabannya. Sekarang ia hanya bisa berjalan sendiri, menjalani semuanya sendiri, dan ia merasa menjadi lebih dari “lonely person” yang sebelumnya.

Do What u Wanna do

Life is a choice, Life is expensive, where we must decided for something, to take a decision is not easy, we need a lot of sacrifices

look at your step and lest you fail, we are the victims of world's cruelty
sometimes we feel that the world is unfair, disappointing and full of devices

only people with the warrior spirit, who can learn more about the meaning of life
what a great life....
what a true life....

reff:

do what you have to do (do what you wanna do) and don't care about peoples around you
your own life is your choice, do something and don't be afraid.

Words n song by: Adith Rebellion
Populared by: Eroticloset

Lonely Person

Ia menulis ini semua mungkin karna dia berada di titik puncak kesepian dari kehidupannya. Ia tidak tahu mengapa dia begitu merasa kesepian sekarang? Walaupun setiap harinya ia sering ditemani oleh teman-temannya di kampus maupun dimanapun, dan walaupun setiap harinya ia sering bercanda atau tertawa puas bersama teman-temannya tapi tidak tahu mengapa ia tetap tidak merasa kalau ia seorang “happy person”. Mungkin senyumannya maupun tawanya selama ini tidak semua memang ia inginkan untuk dikeluarkan. Apabila ia kembali ke tempat tinggalnya, sering sekali ia merasakan kesepian ini, dan setiap harinya ia merasa semakin masuk kedalamnya. Ia tidak dapat menyalahkan siapapun mengapa ia merasakan ini, walaupun ia sering bertanya-tanya kepada Tuhan mengapa Tuhan memberi ia banyak permasalahan yang Tuhan tahu bahwa ia tidak mempunyai tempat untuk berbagi, mengapa Tuhan terus membiarkan ia merasakan ini semua. Apa mungkin ini semua akibat sikapnya di masa lalu yang sering menyepelekan hal-hal kecil, hingga Tuhan membuatnya untuk berpikir dengan memberi perasaan ini. Dan yang paling menyedihkannya lagi, sampai saat inipun ia masih belum mendapatkan seorangpun yang bisa menjadi seorang sahabat maupun tempat berbagi baginya. Mungkin bukan karna mereka yang tidak menginginkan melainkan ia yang sampai sekarang ini belum dapat berbagi cerita dengan orang lain bahkan oleh anggota keluarga ia sendiri.


23 November 2009

SIAPAKAH KITA???

Ada apa dengan kita, Mengapa kita tetap saja buta?
Melihat bangsa kita yg semakin terpuruk ini!
Dimana jiwa kita sebagai pemuda Indonesia?
Yang seharusnya membawa kemajuan kepada bangsa ini!!!

Kita hanya bisa mencemooh keburukan bangsa ini!!
Dengan bangganya menyombongkan kekayaan orang tua kita!!!
Bukankah seharusnya kita memberikan yg terbaik untuk bangsa kita ini?
Bukan hanya bisanya menuntut dan menilai buruk pemerintah kita!!

Kakek buyut kita berjuang untuk mendapatkan kemerdekaan ini!!!
Hanya untuk memberikan kebebasan kepada anak cucunya!!!
Bangkit dari tempat tidurmu hai pemuda Indonesia.
Tunjukkan pemuda Indonesia kita berpotensi!!!

Created by: Michael Ivan L P
2 November 2009

AN ACCOUNTING OVERVIEW

Accounting is frequently called the “language of business” because of its ability to communicate financial information abaout an organization. Various interested parties, such as managers, potential investors, creditors, and the government, depend on a company’s accounting system to help them make informed financial decisions. An affective accounting system, therefore, must include accurate collecting, recording, classifying, summarizing, interpreting, and reporting of information on the financial status of an irganization.

In order to achieve a standardized system, the accounting process follows accounting principles and rules. Regardless of the type of business or the amount of money involved, common procedures for handling and presenting financial information are used. Incoming money (revenues) and outgoing money (expenditures) are carefully monitored, and transaction are summarized in financial statements, which reflect the major financial activities of an organization.

Two common financial statements are the balance sheet and the income statement. The balance sheet shows the financial position of a company at one point in time, while the income statement shows financial performance of a company over a period of time. Financial statement allow interested parties to compare one organization to another and/or to compare accounting periods within one organization. For example, an investor may compare the most recent income statements of two corporations in order to find out which one would be a better investement.

People who specialize in the field of accounting are known as accountants. In the United States, accountants are usually classified as public, private, or governmental. Public accountants work independently and provide accounting services such as auditing and tax computation to companies and individuals. Public accountants may earn the title of CPA(Certified Public Accountant) by fulfilling rigorous requirements. Private accountants work solely for private companies or corporations that hire them to maintain financial records, and governmental accountants work for governmental agencies or bureaus. Both private and governmental accountants are paid on a salary basis, whereas public accountants receive fees for their services.

Through effective application of commonly accepted accounting systems private, public, and govermmental accountants provide accurate and timely financial information that is necessary for organization decision making.

Comprehension

1. Answer the following question about accounting. Question with asterisks cannot be answered directly from the text.
1. why is accounting called the “language of business”?
2. How is a standardized accounting system achieved?
3. What are revenues and expenditures?
4. What do the balance sheet and income statement have in common? How are they different?
5. *How might the information contained in financial statements be useful to managers? *How might creditors use this information?
6. How are accountans classified in the United States?
7. What kinds of services do public accountants provide?

8. What is a CPA? *Do you have a similar type of position in your country? *Explain.
9. *Which type of accounting-public, private, or governmental-appeals to you the most? *Why?
10. *What are some management decisions that might be based on accounting information?

Answer :

1. According is called the “language of business” because of its ability to communicate financial information about on organization.

2. In order to achive a standardized accounting system the accounting process follows accounting principles and rules.

3. Revenues are incoming money and expenditures are outgoing money.

4. The balance sheet and the income statement are two common financial statement. They are different, the first shows the financial position of a company of one point of time, while the second shows the financial performance of a company over a period of time.

5. The information contained in financial statements might be usefull to creditors in help them to find out whether the company will be able to repay the credit on time or not.

6. In United States, accountants are classified as public, private, and governmental.

7. Public accountant provide accounting services such as auditing and tax computation to companies and individuals.

8. A CPA is a Certified Public Accountant. Yes, we had. Formerly faculty of economic graduates of 5 elite universities got ‘Drs….AK’ degree.

9. Personal question

10. In some company financial decision making might be based on accounting information. For example the management want to expands its business to build a bigger factory to introduce new variety of goods.

2. Circle the letter of the answer that best completes each of the sentences below.
1. Accounting information is used by ______to help them make financial decisions.

a. managers

b. potential investors

c. creditors

d. all of the above

2. Regardless of the type of business or the amount of money ivolved :

a. all companies use identical accounting systems

b. balance sheets are more important than income statements

c. common procedures are used in handling financial information

d. no standardized accounting system is employed

3. Business monetary transactions are summarized in :

a. bank books

b. financial statements

c. computers

d. cash registers

4. Public accountants may earn the title of CPA by :

a. becoming governmental accountans

b. paying a fee

c. fulfilling rigorous requirements

d. obtaining a Bachelor of arts degree in accounting

5. Private and governmental accountatnts are paid on a____basis.

a. salary

b. monthly

c. fee

d. weekly

Vacabulary Exercises

A. Subtitute appropriate terms for the italicized words or phrases in the sentences below.

status agencies monitored maintain independently

procedure fee hire rigorous solely

1. Many accounting departments have strict enterance requirements;

only the most qualified applicants are allowed to enter these

programs. rigorous

2. The particular method used to process employee insurance

claims may vary from company to company procedure

3. The stock market is closely watched every day. monitored

4. Rather than expand into foreign lines, the dress shop manager

chose to deal only with domestic fashion designers. solely

5. Although the consultant’s charge for services was high, his

guidance and advice were well worth the money. fee

6. The financial condition of a company is reflected in its financial

statements. status

7. When the business began to expand, a second bookkeeper was

brought in to help keep the books. maintain

8. In the United States there are numerous organizations that

provide services at the local, state, and national levels. agencies

B. Complete the sentences with the noun, verb, and adjective forms provided.

1. Communication/to communicate/communicative

a. Supervisor should strive for two-way communication with their

employees.

b. By using an overhead projector, the guest speaker was able to

communicate his statistical information clearly.

c. Because of the clerk’s highly developed communicative skills, she was

given a position that required her to deal directly with customers

2. Information/informed/informative

a. The owner informed his employees that they would all receive a 5 percent pay increase.

b. Getting Acquainted with Accounting, by John L. Carey, is very informative book.

c. Financial information is essential for organizational decision making.

3. Allowance/allowed/allowable

1. The supervisor lost control of his staff members after he allowed them to override his decisions.
2. When the factory was built 50 years ago, little allowance was made for remodeling and expansion.
3. Althought allowable, smoking was discouraged in the lunch room.

4. Fulfillment/fulfill/fulfilling

1. At times the assembly line worker felt a lack of profesiomal fulfillment
2. When he was promoted to production supervisor, however, his job became much more fulfilling.
3. Before the accountant could became a CPA, she had to fulfill a number of requirements.

5. Standars/has standardized/standard

1. The standard paper size in United States for business letters and memorands is 8,5 x 11 inches.
2. The computer department has standardized its procedures for storting and retrieving data.
3. Nowadays rigorous standards are enforced in the area of food processing and packaging.

C. Fill in the blanks below with the most appropriate terms the list.

parties financial statement reflected standardized allows

whereas interpretations informed communicates rigorous

An income statement is one example of a financial statement, it communicates financial information about a company over a period of time. A standardized format

Is used to present the financial information. This allows interested parties to compare one income statement to another in order to make informed financial decisions. But there is still a great deal of risk involved in financial decision making because the information reflected in an income statement is object to variety of interpretations.

Look at the reading to answer these questions.

What does each of the following refer to?

LINES WORDS REFERENTS

1 its accounting

4 them whereas parties

19 another corporation

21 one organization

Lonely Song

This song is tell about my life story. Story about my lonely life.
I just want to let everyone know that I’m lonely now.
I’ll always keep this feeling and nobody know it.
And let this song tell you everything about me.

I’ll always smile and laugh with you all people.
But you don’t know what I feel, I feel why you all have a good life?
I keep show my big smile to closed my feel and let you happy
You know what, I’m going crazy with this feel.

If I’m alone in my house or somewhere,
I think that God not fair at all. Cause He let me be like this.
I’ll always struggle alone to pass my problem that He give to me.
But I think He do this coz he always watch me and know that I can pass this all.

Created by: Michael Ivan L P

MAMA

Mama melahirkan kita sambil menangis kesakitan.

Masihkah kita menyakitkannya?

Masih mampukah kita tertawa melihat penderitaannya?

Meninggalkannya?

Mama tidak pernah mengeluh membersihkan kotoran kita waktu kecil,

Memberikan ASI waktu kita bayi,

Mencuci celana kotor kita,

Menahan derita,

Menggendong kita sendirian.

Di saat mamamu tidur, coba kamu lihat matanya dan bayangkan matanya takkan terbuka untuk selamanya… tangannya tak dapat hapuskan airmatamu dan tiada lagi nasihat yang sering kita abaikan… bayangkan mamamu sudah tiada… apakah kamu cukup membahagiakannya.. apakah kamu pernah berfikir betapa besar pengorbanannya semenjak kamu berada dalam perutnya?

Ingat-ingatlah 5 aturan sederhana untuk menjadi bahagia:

1. Bebaskan hatimu dari rasa benci.

2. Bebaskan pikiranmu dari segala kekuatiran.

3. Hiduplah dengan sederhana.

4. Berikan lebih banyak (give more).

5. Jangan terlalu banyak mengharap (expect less).

SADARILAH bahwa di dunia ini tidak ada satu orangpun yang mau mati demi MAMA, tetapi… Beliau justru satu-satunya orang yang bersedia mati untuk melahirkan kita…

Mama bukan tempat penitipan cucunya disaat kita jalan-jalan,

Tetapi disaat beliau sudah tua dan tak bertenaga, yang beliau butuhkan sekarang adalah perhatian anda, datang dan hampiri dia, bertanyalah bagaimana kesehatannya saat ini dan dengarlah curhatnya, temani dia disaat dia membutuhkan anda, itu saja… beliau sudah bahagia sekali….. ….. dan melupakan semua hutang anda kepadanya.

Michael Ivan

31107087

3 DB 01

MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS

A company often becomes involved in international trade by exchanging goods or services with another country-importing raw materials it may need for production or exporting finished products to a foreign market. Establishing these trade relationships is the first step in the development of a multinational business. At this stage, however the corporation’s emphasis is still on the domestic market. As trade expands, the corporation’s dealing with companies or people outside the “home country” of that corporation increase.

The corporation then begins to view the whole world as a base for production and marketing operations. The next step in the development of a multinational business is focusing on the world market. The company may establish a foreign assembly plant, engage in contract manufacturing, or build a foreign manufacturing company or subsidiary. Therefore, a multinational corporation is a company that is primarily based in one country and has production and marketing activities in foreign countries.

Since World War II, multinational corporations have grown rapidly. The names and products of many of the multinational have become well-known in the world marketplace: International Business Machines (IBM), Royal Dutch Shell, Panasonic, Coca-Cola, and Volkwagen. Coca-Cola, for example, now has operations in more then 180 countries.

A multinational corporation operates in a complex business environment. Cultural, social, economic, political, and technological system vary from country to country. In order to operate successfully, a multinational company needs a basic understanding and appreciation of the foreign business environment.

Comprehension

A. Answer the following questions about multinationals. Questions with asteris (*) cannot be answered directly from the text.

1. What is the first step in the development of a multinational business?

2. Where is the comapany’s emphasis when it is simply trading with other countries?

3. What market does a multinational corporation focus on?

4. A company may establish its manufacturing operations in foreign countries? What are three forms that these operations may take?

5. What is a multinational corporation?

6 When have multinationals grown rapidly? *Why do you think they have experienced this period of rapid growth?

7. *What are some products that are produced by the following multinational corporations: IBM, Coca-Cola, Panasonic, Shell, and Volkswagen?

8. *Why does a multinational corporation operate in a more complex business environment than a domestic company?

9. *What are some of the social and political factors that can vary from country to country?

10. Why does a multinational corporation need a basic understanding of foreign business environments? *How can a multinational gain this understanding?

Answer:

A. 1. The first step (it) is establishing the trade relationship with another country.

2. The companies emphasis (it) is still on the domestic market.

3. A multinational corporation (it) focuses on the world market.

4. The three forms (they) are: It may establish a foreign assembly plant, engage in contract manufacturing, and build a foreign manufacturing company or a subsidiary.

5. A multinational corporation (it) is a company that is primary based in one country and has production and marketing activities in foreign countries.

6. Multinationals (they) have grown rapidly since World War II. Because during the war many countries knew what recurces are scarce or abundant in other countries.

7. IBM: International Business Machines, Royal Dutch Shell oil, Panasonic electronic, Coca-Cola softdrink, Volkswagen automobiles.

8. Because a multinational corporation focuses on the world market, and each country has its own system: culturally, economically, politically and technologically. Where as a domestic company only operates in one country which its system its already familiar.

9. Socially: In Japan life time employment system is applied, where as in Indonesia contract system employment is used.

Politically: Thailand is monarchism, Indonesia is democratic.

10. In order to operate successfully. This understanding can be gained through market research.

B. Determine which of the following statement are true and which are false. Then put T

or F in the blanks. Rewrite false statements to make them true.

1. T Multinaltional corporations have grown rapidly since 1945.

2. F Any company engaged in international trade is a multinational business.

3. T In order to operate successfully, a multinational company needs to be aware of national and international business environments

4. F A multinational corporation focuses on its “home country,” or domestic market.

5. F A multinational company does not establish factories in foreign countries.

Vocabulary Exercises

A.Write down any terms that you did not understand in the reading. Find each term in the reading, look at its context, and try to figure out the meaning. Discuss these terms with your classmates.

B.Look at the terms in the left-hand colomn and find the correct synonyms or definiti-

Ons in the right-hand colomn. Copy the corresponding letters in the blanks.

1. j corporation (line 5) a. chiefly; principally

2. e expand (line 6) b. function in; work in

3. g view (line 8) c. change

4. i stage (line 5) d. a company having more than half of its stock

owned by another company

5. a primarily (line 13) e. increase the dimensions of

6. h base (line 8) f. growth; expansion

7. c vary (line 21) g. see; look at

8. d subsidiary (line 21) h. foundation

9. b operate in (line 20) i. a step in development

10.f development (line 4) j. a type of business organization formed by an

association of stockholders

C.Fill in the blanks in the following paragraph with the most appropriate terms form the

list.

base operate in appreciation of expands

vary corporation development subsidiary

staged involved in view relationship

During the development of a corporation, the organizational structure may vary over time and pass through a number of stages . As the corporation grows, it expands its operations. It might become involved in setting up a subsidiary . Although the corporation still has a primary or “home base ,” establishment of a subsidiary allow the company to enter into new relationship with a view toward increasing its production and marketing capabilities.

Text Analysis

Look at the reading to answer these questions.

1.What does each of the following refer to?

LINES WORDS REFERENTS

2 it a company

5 this stage first step

17 IBM International Business Machine

2.Match the connective words or phrases with the appropriate functions.

c however (line 5) a. summarizing

d then (line 8) b. illustrating

a therefore (line 12) c. contrasting

b for example (line 18) d. sequencing information

3.Summarize the two general steps in the development of a multinational corporation.

a. establishing these trade relationship. (line 3-5)

b. focusing on the world market. (line 8-10)

4.Sometimes the definition of a term takes this form:

a controls the A restrictive trade law → is → law → that → number of goods

imported or exported that term being defined → verb to be → class→ which → definition

This type of definition is known as a formal definition. In a formal definition the term or word being defined occurs first. It is followed by the verb to be (usually is ar are). Next the class states the general group that the term belongs to:

TERMS CLASSES

multinational corporation company

typewriter business machine

absolute advantage theory of specialization

After the class, either that or which is used. Finally, the definition itself includes information distinguishing this term other members of its class.

Write formal definitions for multinational corporation (page 56), corporation (page 57), and subsidiary (page 57).

a. A multinational corporation is a company that is primatily based in one country and has production and marketing activities in foreign countries.

5.Formal definitions may be shortened to a more general form, which includes less information. This is often called a semiformal definition. The class, that or which, and the verb to be are omitted.

A restrictive trade law → controls → the number of goods imported or exported

Term being defined → verb → definition

Change the formal definition from the previous exercise into semiformal definitions.

a A multinational corporation is primatily based in one country and has production and marketing activities in foreign countries.

TENSES

Pr – Present; Ps-Past; S-Simple; C-Continuous; F-Future; Pf-Perfect

1. Pr.S - He writes many letters everyday. (habitual action)

2. Ps.S - He wrote m.1 yesterday. (occurred in the past)

3. Pr.C - It is writing m.1 now. (is occurring right now)

4. Ps.C - He was writing m.1 when it rained yesterday. (two actions in the past).

5. Pr.F - He will write m.1 tomorrow. (will happen in the future).

6. Ps.F - He would write m.1 yesterday, but he didn’t have time.

7. Pr.Pf - He has written m.1 already (has just happened now).

8. Ps.Pf - He had written m.1 when it rained yesterday. (two actions in the past)

9. Pr.Fc - He will be writing m.1 when you visit him tomorrow. (in the future)

10.Ps.Fc - He would be writing m.1 when you visited him yesterday. (in the past)

11.Pr.FPf - He will have written m.1 when you come tomorrow (in the future)

12.Ps.FPf - He would have written m.1 when you come yesterday. (in the past)

13.Pr.Pfc - He has been writing m.1 for two days until now. (continuosly from past until now).

14.Ps.Pfc - He had been writting m.1 for two days until yesterday (continuosly from past to past)

15.Pr.Fpf.C - He will have been writing m.1 for two days will tomorrow. (until in the future)

16.Pr.F.Pfc - He would have been writing m.1 for two days until yesterday. (until in the past)